What Are Mix Networks?
Mix networks (mixnets) provide stronger anonymity than Tor by adding delays and mixing messages together. They resist traffic analysis by breaking the timing correlation between input and output messages.
How Mixing Works
Mix Node Operation
Messages arrive: A, B, C, D
↓
Mix node collects batch
↓
Decrypt layer, reorder randomly
↓
Messages leave: C, A, D, B (random order)
Observer cannot correlate input ↔ output
Mixnets vs Tor
| Aspect | Mix Networks | Tor |
|---|---|---|
| Latency | High (minutes-hours) | Low (sub-second) |
| Traffic Analysis | Strong resistance | Vulnerable |
| Use Case | Email, messaging | Web browsing |
| Real-time | No | Yes |
Modern Implementations
Nym
Modern mixnet with incentive layer
ActiveLoopix
Continuous cover traffic design
ResearchMixmaster/Mixminion
Classic anonymous remailers
LegacyKey Properties
- Batch processing breaks timing
- Cover traffic hides real messages
- Multiple mix nodes for cascade
- Resistant to global adversary
- Pool mixing (Chaumian mixes)